The tradition of making nativity scenes and decorations from wafer – one of the most distinctive forms of Christmas ritual art – has been inscribed on the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. This is an important moment for folk artists from the Lublin region, where this unique practice has survived, flourished and remains a living part of local culture to this day.
These nativity scenes, once also known as ‘wilijki’, are three-dimensional decorations made from wafer, a material with strong symbolism associated with bread, harmony, prosperity and blessing. Although the earliest documented evidence dates back to the 19th century, the tradition is likely to be much older – the perishable nature of the wafer makes it difficult to pinpoint its exact origins. Its inclusion on the heritage list highlights the importance of this practice and its significance for the region’s identity.
The symbolism and form of the ‘świat’
A ‘świat’ is a decoration in the shape of a sphere or a more complex composition made up of layers and geometric elements. It is created from pieces of wafer cut into various colours and shapes, which are joined together using saliva – a traditional method, passed down from generation to generation, for bonding this delicate material. Suspended on linen threads or horsehair, they would sway at the slightest breeze, creating a subtle visual effect. Their name refers to the globe and symbolises the power of the newborn Christ over the world.
Traditional practices
These globes were once an integral part of Christmas decorations. They were hung above the table, from ceiling beams, by household altars or near images of saints. They also adorned the ‘podłaźniczki’ (Christmas wreaths) and the first Christmas trees. They were made on Christmas Eve, and their presence in the home was believed to bring good luck and God’s blessing. From the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries, these wafers began to appear in the decorations of noble manors, and in time also in peasant homes. At the beginning of the 20th century, these Christmas wafers were known throughout almost the entire area inhabited by Poles, particularly in southern Poland – in Podhale, Cieszyn Silesia and the Kraków region.
Although the custom almost died out in the 20th century, it was revived in the Lublin region thanks to folk artists, workshops and educational initiatives. Contemporary snow globes retain their traditional symbolism whilst also serving as a testament to local craftsmanship. Both classic spherical shapes and more complex geometric forms, such as stars, nativity scenes, shrines and flowers, are created. Each requires precision, patience and skill in working with this fragile material, which has been part of Polish Christmas traditions for centuries.
Heritage List
The inclusion of the tradition of making Christmas lights and decorations from wafer on the National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (which currently comprises 129 entries) is a testament to its value and vitality. It documents a practice that has not only survived thanks to the commitment of local communities, but also continues to inspire creators and audiences alike. It is also a tribute to the skills passed down from generation to generation, which form an important element of Polish folk culture.
source: Ministry of Culture and National Heritage
See also: Culture | Art | Recommended | History | Heritage | whiteMAD on Instagram
